Electronic components LED illuminate the world's green energy
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In the context of the global energy crisis and increasing environmental protection requirements, semiconductor LED lighting with long life, energy saving, safety, environmental protection, rich colors and miniaturization has been recognized as an important way of energy saving and environmental protection. The semiconductor lamp uses a light-emitting diode as a new light source. Under the same brightness, the power consumption is only 1/10 of that of an ordinary incandescent lamp, and the service life can be extended by 100 times.
In 2006, the global semiconductor lighting market exceeded 7 billion US dollars, with an annual growth rate of more than 20%. It is expected that the potential market in the next 5 to 10 years will be 50 billion to 100 billion US dollars. The huge business opportunities and encouraging development prospects of semiconductor lighting are often faced. Countries around the world have taken action, and Japan, the United States, the European Union, and South Korea have invested heavily in recent years to launch a national semiconductor lighting plan. Since 2004, the Chinese government has started to implement semiconductor lighting projects, and has established five semiconductor lighting bases in Shenzhen, Shanghai, Nanchang, and Shenzhen.
With the improvement of luminous efficiency and application technology, large-size LCD TV backlights, automotive, commercial and industrial lighting have gradually become the main application areas of LED. From 2006 to 2010, the annual average compound growth rate of LED sales for display is 19.2%, the average annual compound growth rate of landscape lighting sales will reach 37.2%, and the average annual compound growth rate of LED backlight LED sales will reach 31.5%.
White LED will become the focus of future global LED competition. According to statistics from the Taiwan Industrial Technology Research Institute, the annual demand for white LEDs has increased from 1.95 billion in 2002 to 13.6 billion in 2006, with a compound annual growth rate of 56%. It is expected to maintain 40% annual growth by 2010.
1. Semiconductor lighting: the beginning of the era of green lighting
1.1 Historical evolution of human lighting
1.1.1 Fire - the first revolution in the history of human lighting
Before humans invented electricity, light was always associated with fire. When humans learn to drill wood and meteorites to get fire, the pine branches will ignite the lighting, which is the torch. When people learn to use animal and vegetable oils and put them in a container to ignite, they become oil lamps, which is about the earliest "lights" used by humans. In the 19th century, after people mined oil, there was a kerosene lamp with a glass lampshade that gave off white light. In the middle of the 19th century, gas lamps appeared. Whether it is a bonfire or a loose, or burning animal and vegetable oil, kerosene, gas or acetylene gas, this type of lighting has a common feature - the use of fire, fire is the first revolution in the history of human lighting.
1.1.2 incandescent lamp - the second revolution in the history of human lighting
On October 21, 1879, after testing 1,600 materials, Edison finally made the world's first incandescent lamp with a filament made of carbon wire. From then on, the second revolution in the history of human lighting began.
In 1909, the American scientist Corric invented the tungsten wire to make the filament, which improved the brightness and life of the incandescent lamp, thus starting a new era of electric lighting.
Invented the tungsten halogen lamp in 1959 to bring the technology of incandescent lamp to a new level and improve the life of incandescent lamp. The service life of ordinary incandescent lamp is 1000 hours, the tungsten halogen lamp is half longer than it, and the luminous efficiency is increased by 30%.
Fluorescent lamps were born in the 1940s, using the principle of gas discharge to generate light energy. Since the light emitted by the fluorescent lamp is mainly ultraviolet light, the infrared radiation is very small, so the luminous efficiency is more than three times that of the incandescent lamp, and the service life is almost four times that of the incandescent lamp.
1.1.3 Semiconductor Lighting - The Third Revolution in the History of Human Lighting? A long way to go!
LED (Light Emitting Diode) lighting is a new lighting technology. LED is a semiconductor light-emitting diode, which is a light-emitting device that uses a semiconductor chip as a light-emitting material to directly convert electrical energy into light energy. When a forward voltage is applied across the semiconductor chip, electrons and holes in the semiconductor are combined to emit radiation. Photons, photons emit light energy through the chip.
In 1962, the first commercially available visible red LED was born. It uses a compound semiconductor material GaAsP phosphorus gallium arsenide composed of three materials of gallium, arsenic and phosphorus. It emits red light with a wavelength of 655 nm, although the brightness Very low, but as a meter indicator has been used a lot.
In 1976, red LEDs using GaP gallium arsenide appeared, and their luminous efficiency was two to three times higher than that of the first generation of red LEDs.
In the 1980s, the application of an AlGaAs (aluminum gallium arsenide) LED was rapidly developed. The red LED made with it has a greatly improved luminous efficiency, and the brightness is 10 times that of the original material.
In the early 1990s, ultra-high-brightness red, orange, and yellow LEDs for outdoor displays were made using the quaternary compound material InGaAlP (aluminum gallium indium phosphide).
In 1993, Nakamura Shuji of Nichia Corporation successfully invented InGaN (Indium Gallium Nitride) ultra-high brightness blue LED. The emergence of blue LEDs has an epoch-making significance - the emergence of blue light makes the realization of white LEDs possible: one method is to mix white LEDs with red, green and blue LEDs, and the other method is to use blue LEDs and coating on the surface. The yellow phosphor mixes to emit white light.
White LED was born in 1996, which created a new era of LED lighting.
Since the birth of the world's first semiconductor light-emitting diode in the 1960s, LED lighting has been hailed as the third revolution in human lighting due to its long life, energy saving, rich color, safety and environmental protection.
1.2 Semiconductor lighting industry manufacturing process
1.2.1 LED structure
1.2.2 LED manufacturing process
The LED fabrication process includes upstream single wafer substrate fabrication, epitaxial wafer growth, midstream chip fabrication, electrode fabrication, dicing and test sorting, and downstream product packaging.
International and domestic MOVCD equipment is basically imported, the main manufacturers are the United States VEECO company and Germany AIXTRON company.
Upstream epitaxial process
In a high temperature, high pressure and oxygen-free environment of an alloyed metal oxide (MOCVD), an organic metal (MO source) and a hydride are decomposed into atoms and deposited on the surface of the wafer in an ordered manner to form an epitaxial layer. Upstream epitaxial manufacturing has the highest added value.
Midstream chip technology
According to the needs of the LED component structure, the midstream manufacturer first performs metal evaporation, and then etches and heat-treats the epitaxial wafer to fabricate the metal electrodes at both ends of the LED, and then polishes the substrate to be polished into a small LED chip. The bottom is brittle and the machinability is poor, and the yield of the chip cutting process is the focus of the midstream production stage. The final step in the middle reaches is to test the dizziness
Downstream packaging process
Downstream is to paste and solder the lead frame from the middle of the chip, through testing, sealing, and then packaged into a variety of different products.
1.3 Semiconductor lighting: energy saving, environmental protection
1.3.1 The realization of the third lighting revolution depends on the improvement of luminous efficiency and cost reduction
LED lighting technology is in a period of rapid development, and luminous efficiency continues to improve. According to Hayes's law (Agilent's former technical scientist Roland Haitz predicts that the price of LEDs will be reduced by 10% every ten years, and performance will increase by 20 times. This prediction was later called Haitz's Law in the industry. The luminous flux output from a single LED package device will double every 18 to 24 months. Now the luminous efficiency of white LEDs has reached more than twice that of incandescent lamps. By 2010, the luminous efficiency will be More than fluorescent lights, by 2020 will reach twice the fluorescent light, when the LED will illuminate the whole world.
In 2005, the industry almost universally predicted that the luminous efficiency of commercially available white LEDs to reach 100 lm/W would have to wait until 2007-2008. According to the development blueprint of Citizen Electronics, there will be 90 lm/W products in 2006, 2007. The year of 100lm/W is expected to come out. This time has been advanced for more than a year, not only because of fierce competition in technology development, but also because it contains factors that deal with the price collapse.
From the price of small power (0.1W class) white LEDs, the first quarter of 2003 was about 65 yen.
In the same period of 2004, it fell to 54 yen, and in 2005 it was 40 yen. In 2006, it fell to less than 30 yen, and in three years it fell by more than half.
However, it takes a long way to reach the field of home lighting. To achieve the third lighting revolution, we must first have the following lighting cost analysis.
According to the LED lighting cost analysis conducted by the National Laboratory of San Diego, the investment cost is to allocate the cost of purchasing a bulb (per mega lumen) to the entire life cycle. The operating cost refers to the cost of a bulb during operation (per mega lumen). When the cost of ownership is the sum of investment costs and operating costs, it reflects the total cost of a bulb from the time of purchase, operation to the end of its life cycle.
LEDs currently have higher initial investment costs, lower operating costs than incandescent lamps, and the total cost of ownership is still much higher than incandescent and fluorescent lamps. By 2012, the cost of ownership of LEDs will fall to $0.77/megawatt lumens, which will be lower than the $1/megawatt lumens of fluorescent lamps. By 2020, the cost of ownership of LEDs will fall to $0.48 per megawatt, which is only half that of fluorescent lamps.
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