RF tag reading and writing devices are essential components of RFID systems, alongside the tags themselves. These devices are often referred to by various names depending on their specific functions and implementations, such as Reader, Interrogator, Communicator, Scanner, Writer, Programmer, Reading Device, Portable Readout Device, AEI (Automatic Equipment Identification) Device, and more. Each term may reflect a different use case or technical configuration.
Generally, RF tag readers and writers are designed based on the requirements of the tags they interact with and the application scenarios in which they are used. As RFID technology has evolved, several standard system configurations have emerged. This chapter focuses on explaining the working principles of these readers and how they operate within an RFID system.
At its core, an RF tag reader/writer communicates with a tag through a wireless channel. The device sends a command to the tag, which then responds by transmitting data back. This interaction is what enables radio frequency identification. In most applications, the reader collects data from the tag or writes information to it, and this data is either sent to or retrieved from the application system. This connection forms an API (Application Programming Interface) between the reader and the software that manages the RFID system.
The reader can be divided into two main parts from a circuit design perspective: the RF module and the baseband module. The RF module handles two primary tasks. First, it modulates the command signal from the reader into an RF signal at the operating frequency, which is then transmitted via an antenna. The RF signal illuminates the tag, which responds by sending back a reflected signal. The second task of the RF module is to process the returned signal, demodulating the data sent back by the tag for further processing.
The baseband module also performs two key functions. It encodes commands from the reader’s intelligent unit—typically a CPU or MPU—so they can be modulated onto the RF signal. Additionally, it decodes the data received from the tag after demodulation and forwards it to the intelligent unit.
In many cases, the intelligent unit is integrated into the baseband module. As the control center of the reader, it manages the processing of both incoming and outgoing signals and ensures seamless communication with the application system through the API.
The interface between the RF and baseband modules involves modulation (loading) and demodulation (unloading). In practice, the RF module includes not only modulation and demodulation circuits but also signal conditioning elements like amplification and filtering. Managing the separation of transmission and reception when using a single antenna is one of the critical challenges in RF module design.
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