Introduction to the basic working principle of RF tag reading and writing equipment
RF tag reading and writing devices are essential components of RFID systems, alongside the tags themselves. These devices are commonly referred to by various names depending on their specific functions and implementation, such as Reader, Interrogator, Communicator, Scanner, Writer, Programmer, Reading Device, Portable Readout Device, AEI (Automatic Equipment Identification) Device, and more. Each term reflects a different use case or design approach.
In general, RF tag readers and writers must be designed based on the specific read/write requirements of the tags and the needs of the application. As RFID technology continues to evolve, these devices have developed into several standard system configurations. This chapter focuses on explaining how the reader operates at a fundamental level.
At its core, an RF tag reader/writer communicates with the tag through a wireless channel. The reader sends commands to the tag, which then responds accordingly. This interaction enables the identification process. In an RFID system, the data collected from the tag or the information written to it is typically processed within the application system. This integration forms an API (Application Programming Interface) that allows communication between the reader/writer and the application software.
The reader itself can be divided into two main parts: the RF module (also known as the RF channel) and the baseband module. The RF module handles two primary tasks. First, it modulates the command sent by the reader to the RF tag into an RF signal, which is then transmitted via the antenna. The RF signal illuminates the tag, which in turn reflects back a response. The second task of the RF module is to process the returned echo signal, demodulating the data sent back by the tag.
The baseband module also has two key functions. It encodes the commands received from the reader's intelligent unit (usually a CPU or MPU) so they can be modulated onto the RF signal. Additionally, it decodes the data that has been demodulated by the RF module and sends it back to the intelligent unit for further processing.
Typically, the intelligent unit is integrated into the baseband module. It serves as the control center of the reader, managing all operations related to signal transmission and reception, as well as interfacing with the application system through the API.
The interface between the RF module and the baseband module involves modulation (loading) and demodulation (unloading). In practice, the RF module often includes additional signal processing stages after demodulation, such as amplification and shaping. Managing the separation of transmission and reception is a critical challenge when using a single antenna system.
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