Huawei's polarization code was adopted by 5G. Is the battle of Polar code a victory or defeat?
The Polar code (Polarization Code) for China is mainly determined as the 5G (Fifth Generation Mobile Phone Mobile Communication Standard) short code signaling standard. What does it mean for the Chinese communication industry?
On November 19th, former Huawei engineer and communication expert Yang Xuezhi said in an interview with the reporter (in Chinese) that it is objective to say that the Polar code that China mainly promoted was selected for the first time in the 5G short-code signaling standard. This is the first time Chinese companies have entered the field of basic communication framework agreements and have gained a certain say for themselves.
However, he also stressed that it should not be too exaggerated. In the game of the world's major communication giants around the 5G standard, Qualcomm still has the greatest voice in the competition in this coding field.
In the 3GPP two-coded conference of the International Mobile Telecommunications Standardization Organization, Qualcomm's main LDPC code was finally determined as the encoding scheme for the 5G medium-length code and short-code data channel. Therefore, Qualcomm is the big winner, Huawei only got a part. The right to speak.
On November 18, local time, at the 3GPP RAN1 #87 conference in Reno, Nevada, USA, 3GPP determined the Polar code as the control channel coding scheme for the 5G eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband) scenario. So far, the channel coding technology scheme of the 5G eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband) scenario is completely determined, wherein the Polar code is used as the coding scheme of the control channel, and the LDPC code (low density parity check code) is used as the coding scheme of the data channel.
Since the Polar code is the main push of Chinese companies such as Huawei, it has been selected for the 5G short-code signaling standard and has received extensive attention. However, Huawei is quite low-key in this regard.
Huawei's contribution
Until November 19th, Huawei released a press release of less than 500 words, informing the 3GPP that the Polar code is a 5G control channel coding scheme.
Talking about the significance of the Polar solution, Huawei said in the press release that both the LDPC code and the Polar code are entering the 3GPP mobile communication system for the first time. Many companies around the world have evaluated various candidate codes in detail under the unified comparison criteria. The performance, complexity, code delay and power consumption of the solution, and finally reached a consensus. The decision of LDPC code and Polar code is a milestone of 5G standard, further advances the industrial process of 3GPP global 5G unified standard, and strengthens the belief and determination of telecom operators, equipment vendors, chips and terminal manufacturers to cooperate.
As for its contribution in this, Huawei said in the press release that the company, as a member of China's IMT-2020 (5G) promotion group, participated in the research and innovation of Polar code, and will continue to increase the follow-up and all members of the promotion team. 5G research investment, and open cooperation with global industry partners, through the integration of the world's outstanding innovation resources to promote the coordination of standardization work, to make a significant contribution to the formation of a global unified 5G standards and enhance the competitiveness of 5G standards.
Dr. Wan Lei, one of the main contributors to Huawei's Polar code program, commented in his circle of friends: "The two days of self-media coverage have been overwhelming, but Huawei has never reported on the regular standards activities and progress of 3GPP. Everyone is very understanding of the expectations of the 5G standard, but still want to restrain inappropriate speech, so as not to hurt the solidarity atmosphere of 3GPP."
She also said: "Participate in, deeply understand that this is just another 5G feature that 3GPP has contributed to the telecom industry by the International Organization for Standardization. Here are the contributions of many companies in the industry. The technology has no national boundaries. The success of 3GPP is attributed to Its internationalization, its Roman forum-style technical debate is the core mechanism to promote the optimization of technology optimization. LDP channel coding mechanism LDPC+Polar decision is a milestone of 5G standard, further consolidating the status of 3GPP global 5G unified standard It has strengthened the determination of the industry operator network manufacturer chip and terminal manufacturers to cooperate together. I sincerely hope that the democratic spirit of 3GPP globalization has a long history..."
"Huawei's involvement in Polar is two years later than others."
The rapid development of communication technology is attributed to Shannon, the founder of modern information theory. He published The Mathematical Theory of Communication in 1948, marking the creation of the discipline of information and coding theory. According to Shannon's theorem, if you want to reliably transmit a signal in a channel with bandwidth determined and noise, there are two ways: increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Or add an additional error correction code to the signal coding.
Since then, many codes have been invented around Shannon's theoretical scientists. For example, the Turbo code used in the 2G/3G era, and the LDPC code and Polar code determined by this 5G standard.
Qualcomm's main LDPC was invented very early. In 1963, a class of linear block codes with sparse check matrices proposed by American Dr. Robert G. Gallage not only had good performance close to Shannon, but also had low decoding complexity and flexible structure.
After the invention of LDPC, it was limited to the electronic technical conditions at that time, and there was no feasible decoding algorithm. It has been neglected for more than 30 years since then.
But then information technology has improved, especially in 1993 when Berrou et al. discovered the Turbo code. Inspired by the Turbo code, people have reinvented the LDPC code and found that LDPC is better than Turbo in performance.
Around 1995, MacKay and Neal re-examined the LDPC code and proposed a feasible decoding algorithm, which further found the good performance of the LDPC code, which quickly caused strong repercussions and great concern. After more than ten years of research and development, researchers have made breakthroughs in all aspects.
The core patent of wireless communication in the 2G/3G era has been controlled by Qualcomm. The patents of Qualcomm in the 4G era have been pulled to the same level. This time, relying on LDPC to grasp the right to speak in the 5G era.
So why did Huawei choose Polar code as the main push solution?
The Polar code was first proposed by Professor Erdal Arikan of the University of Birken in Turkey in 2008 and is a new star in the coding world. However, after Polar's first launch, it also caused widespread concern in the academic world. All communication giants have researched Polar, including Huawei.
The official tone of China's official 5G promotion group is that "Chinese companies have a common understanding of the potential of Polar codes, and have invested a lot of research and development efforts to conduct in-depth research, evaluation and optimization of their 5G application solutions, and achieve breakthroughs in transmission performance."
Communication expert Yang Xuezhi said in an interview with a reporter that the Polar plan is the first to theoretically verify the limits of Shannon's theory. "Turbo and LDPC codes are scientists who think it will be better, and the results are really good, but they cannot be verified theoretically. The advantage of Polar code is that the amount of calculation is small, small-scale chips can be realized, and commercialized devices The cost is lower."
Yang Xuezhi said that Huawei's research on Polar code started later than others. At that time, Huawei's 5G chief scientist Tong Wen joined Huawei to bring Polar code information. “Huawei had not noticed before, and other companies had already started researching, so Huawei’s involvement in Polar was two years later than others.â€
Yang Xuezhi said that large companies will study various technologies in order to prevent accidents, but ultimately choose a technical solution for the main push. The reason is that there has been a large amount of patent reserves for this technical solution. Once this plan is determined as a standard, Then you have a large number of patents, you have the highest right to speak, others have to pay royalties to you.
"It is still unclear how many patents Huawei has in the end. If Professor Erdal Arikan is well-developed, he may have applied for a large number of patents in his own hands, but Huawei must have conducted research before." Yang Xuezhi said. If the Polar core patent is in the hands of the professor in Turkey, then Huawei will marry someone else.
Has Huawei won or lost?
The 5G coding dispute, the outside world saw the breakthrough of Huawei's voice in the field of discourse, and saw that the ambitious Qualcomm came again.
LDPC dominates the 5G medium-length coding and short-code data transmission coding, which should be Qualcomm's wish. Huawei only got Polar short-code signaling control, although it is a breakthrough, but not necessarily satisfied.
Yang Xuezhi said that in this sense, Huawei is a defeat. Huawei's investment in 5G research and development is higher than that of many giants, but it is actually not much.
Earlier this year, Tong Wen revealed in an interview that Huawei launched the 5G early research in 2009, and has since cooperated with Harvard University, Cambridge University, and the University of California. In 2012, Huawei began to do prototype verification. In 2013, it completed the indoor prototype. In 2015, it began large-scale field trials. Tong Wen also said that in 2013, Huawei announced that it would invest 600 million US dollars in the 5G research and standard phase, which does not include investment in the product development phase. At present, Huawei has more than 500 scientists studying 5G on a full-time basis.
"Polar code is more advantageous for long signal and data transmission. The verification of Shannon's theory is also realized by Polar on long code. Short code can't be realized. But this time it is on short code and it is on signaling control. The future competition is the competition for data transmission. Although the signaling is also important, the amount of information transmitted is very small.†Yang Xuezhi said that from the result, Huawei has not matched the status of its world's largest equipment supplier.
However, some analysts believe that Huawei's use of Polar to fight is not just for patents, but for the right to speak, to get rid of the image of followers. The battle for this code is essentially a dispute over the right to speak. Although Huawei only obtains the 5G short code signaling control code, it is also a good speech right battle.
"Encoding is one of the core patents of the communication standard system. It is similar to the skeleton of a house. There are very few materials to choose from. This time, the material used in the skeleton is determined. How to do it in the future is a big show, but in fact, many of these giants The company's patents have long been ambushed. For example, Huawei spent a lot of money on the development of Polar medium long code, which is all over the water. Although Huawei has accumulated a lot of LDPC, Qualcomm has won the right to speak as the promoter of LDPC. Subsequent patent negotiations and litigation have won an active position.†Yang Xuezhi said that Huawei’s participation in such a basic framework agreement as a Chinese company for the first time is a big breakthrough in this sense and makes sense.
However, this Polar solution can only be completely blamed for Huawei's short-code signaling control. As a new solution, Polar is still a big controversy in 3GPP, and the actual application is not mature enough.
"3GPP will give you a place to give you training." Yang Xuezhi said that there is no national concept in the 3GPP field, and both enterprises and enterprises are fighting. In this sense, even two companies in the same country may be stationed because of each other. pinch.
However, this time the Chinese Legion still showed a spirit of solidarity. Under the force of Huawei, ZTE, Alibaba, Xiaomi, OPPO, vivo and other companies all supported the Polar solution.
Yang Xuezhi said that innovation is a problem facing the whole world. There is no high technological breakthrough in the whole 5G, but from the result, the whole industry is facing a reshuffle. This time the United States won a big in the core coding field. Victory.
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