Display technology status

At present, the main display devices are CRT, AMLCD, PMLCD, ELD (electroluminescence display), FED (field emission display), VFD (vacuum fluorescent display), OLED and PDP. Except for CRT and projection displays, other display devices are all flat panel display devices (FPD).

Ray tube (CRT) Among many displays, CRT has the longest history and the most mature technology. Its advantages include: unmatched performance / price ratio (25-inch manufacturing cost is only 25 US dollars); it is easy to adjust the resolution (VGA ~ VXGA and HDTV); the range of possible changes in shape and size (0.5 ~ 45 inches); addressing is extremely simple (only 7 wires); visibility is good (high brightness and high contrast); has very good luminous efficiency, etc. Therefore, CRT is still the mainstream of display technology so far. CRT's weaknesses are: bulky products with large screens; light scattering in the screen; flicker, jitter and distortion in the image; visual fatigue and electromagnetic radiation; maximum visual display size is limited to 45 inches or less; digital addressing; work Higher voltage and power consumption; life problems in some applications; limited resolution in shadow mask color tubes.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Liquid crystal display devices include active matrix (AM LCD) and passive matrix (PM LCD). Among them, the main characteristics of active matrix (AM LCD) are: high performance, color, high resolution, fast, thin and light, and have a market. It is mainly used in personal video products (TV, etc.), notebook computers and desktop monitors. At present, AMLCD is ahead of most other flat panel display technologies in terms of production scale, industrial foundation, investment, and product added value. It is the source of research and development and the foundation of all flat panel display technologies. As far as the market is concerned, in the monochrome notebook computer market, AM LCD's opponents are PM LCD, TFEL and PDP; in the color notebook computer market, AM LCD's opponent is PM LCD; in the color Desktop Monitor market, AMLCD's opponent is only CRT. There are two main reasons for the success of AM LCD: First, it has a very strong investment (more than 20 billion US dollars); Second, it carries out industry collaborative research on the production process. Although AMLCD has advantages, its investment has no obvious return, and the optical and electrical systems of the production equipment are extremely complex, which limits the improvement of product production efficiency and yield.

Passive matrix (PM LCD) is cheap, has good performance, has a certain market, and has many suppliers. Mainly used in consumer electronics and communication products. It has advantages in low power, monochrome, low performance and other application fields. Although the performance of PM LCD is not the best, it can meet the needs of the large-scale market. It can fill the price / performance gap between AM LCD and field LCD in major markets such as office supplies, handheld computers, communications, etc., so it can survive and continue to develop.

LCD power is low, thin, and light. The IC driver can make the tablet thinner. It can be used in portable products, notebook computers, monitors, mobile phones, etc., and the market is widely used. However, its manufacturing process is complex and requires strict control; the main equipment is expensive; the production cost is 3 to 10 times higher than the CRT of the same size; the viewing angle is narrow; it is difficult to manufacture a large-scale screen with a meter level, and the cost is very expensive.

Plasma Display (PDP) The main features of PDP are large screen, full color and video display. The main application areas are information display in public places, advertising, television and HDTV. The main competitor of PDP is the proposed meter-level TFTLCD and thin multi-cathode CRT, while the real competitor is the rear projection CRTTV. Compared with the above competitors, the structure of PDP is relatively simple. The main reason for the success of PDP is that the development of PDP is the result of collaborative research in the entire PDP industry. At present, progress has been made in solving the existing problems, and the performance of the latest model has exceeded the regulations, which is very promising. PDP's strengths are: large screen display (up to 63 inches), wide viewing angle, thin, good contrast, high brightness (up to 600cd / m2), fast response time, support from many vendors, and can be used for TV. However, the current cost of PDP display panels and electronic circuits is still very high, the power consumption is large, the currently commonly used process cannot be simplified, the manufacturing process is not mature, and the luminous efficiency is low at high pixel density (high resolution).

Electroluminescence (EL) Electroluminescence includes thin film electroluminescence (TFEL) and ordinary electroluminescence (EL). Among them, the main features of the thin film electroluminescence panel (TFEL) are low cost and high reliability. It is mainly used in test equipment, medical equipment, finance, registration and other fields, not suitable for notebook computers. The early TFEL was mainly used for long-life, high-contrast graph display panels. However, due to the higher driving voltage of TFEL, the early application market was abandoned. The display performance of TFEL is not as good as that of monochrome PDP or LCD. At present, TFEL is still a very active device in the field of research and development. It has a self-luminous display, no backlight, wide viewing angle, simple structure, high contrast, thin, high pixel density, low material cost, and good temperature stability. advantage. However, its power consumption is large, its life is not long enough, so far there is no good blue phosphor, the efficiency is too low, the resolution is not as good as TFTLCD, and the working voltage is high. Due to the use of energy recovery circuits, the cost? Electronics? Is too high.

The biggest advantages of the ordinary electroluminescent panel (EL) are: it has a very sharp threshold (high information capacity) and long life. Due to the problems of longevity and color of DC powder, DC film, AC powder and hybrid EL, the lack of investors has suspended production. At present, the luminous efficiency of the three primary colors of the AC film is about 0.8-51m / W. In the future, more work needs to be done to improve the light-emitting performance and obtain large color screens. EL's strengths are: good development prospects, self-emission display without backlight, wide enough viewing angle, high luminous efficiency, high contrast, thin, low operating voltage, and long life. The weaknesses of EL are: the need for epitaxial growth layers (time-consuming and complex), complex processes, high cost, and high power consumption.

Vacuum Fluorescence Display (VFD) The main features of VFD are low cost, long life, good thermal stability, self-illumination, ruggedness, and limited information capacity. Mainly used in consumer electronics, instrumentation, automotive and other fields. The main rivals of VFD in the field-based display field are LCD and LED. Almost all field-based displays are extremely sensitive to price. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are VFD's biggest competitors. Because the cost of VFD for low-information display is very low, small-sized VFDs can be produced in large quantities, so it can occupy a place in the display market.

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) The main features of OLED are low voltage (5 ~ 20V), low power consumption, self-luminescence, high brightness, high contrast, thin and light (only half the weight of LCD), full color display, high luminous efficiency , Fast response, wide viewing angle, monolithic structure, uncomplicated processing and low cost. Mainly used in consumer products such as digital cameras, PDAs, portable products, and industrial products such as car displays, helmet-mounted displays, computer monitors, and video displays.

Passive matrix OLED is suitable for text display, and active matrix OLED is suitable for video and chart display. The development of OLED is very fast, increasing by 200% every year. At present, there are more than 85 companies involved in the research and development of new OLEDs. It is expected that OLED will squeeze the LCD market in many applications. The OLED market will continue to expand. According to statistics, in 1999, the output of OLED was only hundreds of thousands of units, and the output value was about 4 million US dollars. It is expected that the output in 2004 will reach 100 million units, and the output value will reach about 714 million US dollars. The strengths of OLED are: fast response, wide viewing angle, high resolution (AM), high contrast, thin, low voltage application, low cost, flexible substrate (plastic), widely supported by industry, and used in LCD and VFD markets. However, its color gamut does not meet the EBU specification, its efficiency is too low, its life is not long enough, its PMOLED resolution is low, and the LITPS requires AM technology, and the display cost of large screens is high.

Field emission display panel (FED) FED is considered to be the best successor of CRT, it has the advantages of CRT, and overcomes the shortcomings of bulky CRT, and low power consumption, so it was once considered an ideal display. However, due to its complicated structure, difficult packaging and other reasons, the problem of life has not been resolved, so some companies have given up their investments, affecting the research and development of FED, and the market is still immature. However, some Japanese companies have not given up their efforts. Once the life and manufacturing problems are resolved, FED will become a new generation of displays.

Opportunities for FED: for TVs and monitors; using CRT / PTV phosphors; using off-the-shelf spacers and triode technology; cooperating with getter SAES; the development of FED cathodes worldwide has enabled large-area FED cathode manufacturing Breakthrough; develop various cathode structures, such as: CNT, PFE, SCE, MIS / MIM, BSD, etc .; cheaper than PDP, especially without energy recovery circuit.

Table 2 Analysis and Forecast of Global Display Devices Market

Trends in display technology

The development trend of CRT technology CRT development continues to strive for high resolution, low cost, flatter screen, wider deflection angle and longer life; improve computer software, continue to design electron beam current stronger, light Smaller electron guns; HDTV will be widely promoted and continue to put forward higher demand for CRT; small screen displays will continue to lose market and give way to flat panel displays. When LCD costs fall by more than 15%, CRT monitor market It will start to shrink; large-screen (32-36-inch) TVs including HDTVs tend to use flat screens in Japan. Widescreen (16: 9) HDTVs in the US and European markets mainly use projection technology.

In short, CRT will continue to grow and will not die suddenly in the short term. The pressure on cost performance will increase, and the rise of digital TV has given CRT new opportunities.

The development trend of PDP technology ACPDP: continue to develop HDTVs with large screens and high information capacity and PDPs that can adapt to harsh environments; improve color, grayscale, and extend life; develop new PDPs to reduce material and manufacturing costs; promote large-scale production and further Reduce circuit and display board prices; develop large-screen color flat-panel TVs and HDTVs, and develop the home market.

DCPDP: develop large screens, improve color and grayscale, and meet the requirements of HDTV. In the competition of mid-screen display panels, the problems faced are much more complicated than ACPDP.

The development trend of LCD technology is in the flat panel display under 20 inches, especially in the field of low power display, LCD will continue to dominate, and the benefits will continue to increase; the development of large-screen LCDs mainly depends on the production cost and benefits of active matrix and The progress of PALC; many companies, including a large number of investors, are actively investing in the LCD industry, leading LCD technology to a leading position; continuously improving the LED backlight; with the successful development of LCDs above 13 inches and higher than XGA resolution and the cost reduction, LCD Will grow rapidly; in the small screen display market will encounter the challenges of FED and OLED, in the field of large screen display is difficult to compare with PDP.

The development trend of ACTFEL technology vigorously develops full-color, multi-grayscale, large screen and low-cost EL panels; integrates drivers and decoding logic circuits on the panel; develops more effective color materials and structural technologies.

The development trend of FED technology is that large-screen full-color and multi-grayscale display are possible and require a lot of investment; due to glass bulbs and process problems, it is difficult to manufacture large-screen FED; because the manufacturing and life problems are still not resolved, some companies have given up Invested in the development of FED, but some Japanese companies are still working hard to develop.

Future display device

The survival time of CRT is still very long. As early as the early 1990s, some people said that CRT was a "sunset industry", and some companies began to announce the cessation of CRT research and development. But in fact, major companies are still making every effort to develop CRT. CRT does not disappear as soon as some people predict, but new technology of CRT is published every year. Since the performance / price ratio of each pixel of CRT is much higher than other displays, there is still a market. Whenever CRT adopts new technology, it can increase its added value and make money. Therefore, it will not disappear in the short term.

FPD's continued rapid development of OLED may suddenly emerge, squeezing into the small-screen display (mobile phones, PDA, Smart Card, etc.) market already occupied by LCD. It is expected that LCD sales will exceed CRT in 5 years. In terms of mid-screen display, AMLCD may have a considerable market share, but CRT TVs still have a large market. In terms of large-screen display, considering the application scope, mobility and price of PDP, it may occupy a large market share, and its goal is the HDTV market. PDP will further solve the color display problem, and the goal is to enter the HDTV application market. At the same time, DCPDP will also be developed. ACTFEL may establish a small-scale market, but research and development work may be slowed down due to investment issues. The progress of FED depends on whether it can fundamentally solve the problem of large screen and long life.

Future display device requirements The requirements of HDTV for display devices are: display of multi-screen images, no geometric distortion, full-plane focusing, TV screens should be no less than 50 inches, thin displays with pure flat screens, and image quality / color reproduction should be better than CRT, Must be self-illuminating, the display size should cover the range of 10 to 50 inches, and the production cost should be lower than CRT. At present, no display device can fully meet the requirements. From the status of existing displays, PDP and organic EL are likely to meet the requirements.

In the future, the display should have the advantages of paper-it is soft, can be folded, and easy to carry, and at the same time it can display and record dynamic text and images. This type of display can also be bound into a "book" like paper to form a multi-page display. The power source of the display may be a solar cell, and the driving circuit may be composed of organic transistor integrated circuits. Secondly, the future display should develop from displaying flat images to displaying stereoscopic images. Stereoscopic display technology will be a very important direction for the development of display technology in the future. In the 21st century, the organic semiconductor (microelectronics) integrated circuit industry will form an important and huge electronics industry. Organic semiconductor technology can be used for organic EL display, flexible display, paper display, I / O integrated interface device, portable information device, molecular integrated circuit and molecular operation unit. In the near future, I / O integrated interface devices will be the main target. It can be said that organic semiconductor technology will be the technical foundation of the next generation display.

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