The CNC system is the central component of all CNC machines. It controls the movement of the machine's coordinate axes, including speed, direction, and position. This control information typically comes from CNC programs or motion control instructions. As a result, the most fundamental parts of a numerical control system include: an input/output device, a numerical control unit, and a servo drive.
(1) Input/Output Device
The input/output device serves to receive and send data such as machining programs, control parameters, machine settings, and status information from sensors. The keyboard and display are the most basic input/output components in any CNC system. Additionally, depending on the system, other devices like optical readers, tape drives, or floppy disk drives may be included. A computer can also function as an external input/output device for more complex operations.
(2) Numerical Control Unit
The numerical control unit is the core of the system. It includes input/output interfaces, a controller, memory, and user interface. Its primary role is to process the data received from the input device using internal logic circuits or software, then generate commands to control different parts of the machine tool. These commands typically involve feed rate, direction, and displacement of the axes. They are calculated through interpolation and sent to the servo drive, which amplifies them and controls the axis movement, directly determining the tool path.
In addition to these basic commands, other signals may be used, such as spindle speed and direction, tool selection, coolant activation, workpiece clamping, and indexing commands. These signals are transmitted via the system’s interface to auxiliary control units, which process and amplify them to drive actuators, hydraulic systems, or pneumatic components, ensuring the machine performs as intended.
(3) Servo Drive
The servo drive usually consists of a servo amplifier (also known as a driver or servo unit) and an actuator. On modern CNC machines, AC servo motors are commonly used, while linear motors are employed in high-speed applications. Older CNC systems may use DC servo motors. The design of the servo amplifier depends on the type of actuator and must be compatible with the motor it drives.
Over time, as numerical control technology has advanced, CNC systems have become more sophisticated. To meet the needs of various machine tools, many systems now include an internal programmable controller for auxiliary functions. In some cases, the spindle drive may also be integrated into the system. For closed-loop systems, measurement and detection devices are essential. In advanced setups, computers may serve as the human-machine interface and handle data management, making the system more powerful and versatile.
In summary, the structure of a CNC system varies based on the machine's performance requirements and control needs. While the basic components—input/output device, numerical control unit, and servo drive—are always present, additional elements may be included to enhance functionality and adaptability.
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