Intelligent and efficient design method for solar photovoltaic products

The central topic of solar photovoltaic products:

* Opportunities and challenges for transforming solar energy from emerging energy into mainstream energy

* The final efficiency of the entire system is more important than the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells

* Variables that determine the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells

Solar photovoltaic product solutions

* NXP "Delta Converter" evenly distributes the voltage difference between adjacent panels by energy exchange principle

* Three processes related to solar system architecture

The energy generated by the sun every six hours of the Earth is enough to meet the energy needs of the whole year. With this free and huge amount of green wealth, photovoltaic (PV) technology has become a symbol of the environmental movement. However, although photovoltaic/solar energy has been available for more than 30 years, its output is less than 0.5% of world energy production.

Transforming solar energy from emerging energy into mainstream energy faces many opportunities and challenges. Although the energy from the sun is huge, but limited by the high cost of equipment conversion and the need to improve the conversion efficiency, the road to solar photovoltaic is a long-term free, and the use of semiconductors to manage the conversion system can easily solve this problem. problem. At present, the development of photovoltaic energy depends to a large extent on incentive mechanisms, policy propositions and capital investment models of “microfinance”. However, there is no doubt that solar PV will one day be equal to the price of fossil fuels. From a system perspective, large-scale deployment of solar installations will change the mode of energy distribution, as this will involve many factors, such as grid operation, load handling, and other practical issues. This means that the promotion and application of photovoltaic energy is at or near its turning point, and the latest developments in semiconductor technology have the potential to drive this transformation.

Today's most advanced solar power systems are made up of a relatively simple set of components. When everything is running as expected, its conversion efficiency is about 10-15%. A wide range of digital and high performance mixed-signal (HPMS) semiconductor technologies are forming a new system architecture. These new architectures are designed to modulate the efficiency degradation caused by environmental changes while optimizing the system's power by monitoring and correcting the operational characteristics of each component.

It is extremely important to install a solar system that can deliver more power to the grid. There are two reasons: First, solar PV generated but not transmitted to the grid will not bring consumer benefits; secondly, saving one kilowatt-hour (kWh) of energy by increasing operational efficiency is equivalent to reducing the release of new installations into the atmosphere. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted per kWh of solar panels.

NXP Semiconductors has been committed to improving energy conversion efficiency through the development of software and hardware technologies. In addition, NXP continues to study algorithms for dealing with environmental changes experienced by solar panels, as well as the characteristics of photovoltaic modules themselves.

NXP also supplies a variety of ultra-low-power microcontrollers, drivers, MOSFETs and other components to meet the needs of solar technology development, while more competitive technologies, solar technology can provide higher performance and efficiency.

Energy Loss 1: Environmental Impact

In general, people are paying close attention to the improvement of energy conversion capability of photovoltaic cells, mainly because the efficiency of a typical commercial photovoltaic cell is still limited, only 10-20% (depending on battery technology). However, the ultimate efficiency of the entire system is more important, and it is affected by many common factors, such as uneven distribution of shadows on the panel, or foreign objects such as leaves, dust or bird droppings on the panel.

In most of today's system architectures, tandem solar panels form the basic energy harvesting portion of the system, with each panel producing a nominal DC voltage of approximately 30 volts. Since the panels are in series, their voltages will sum up. A typical configuration might have 10 panels, each generating 30 volts, so the total voltage is around 300 volts. In some systems, this voltage is stored in the battery and converted to AC by the inverter or directly to DC. In most residential and solar farm configurations, the use of batteries is ignored, but the inverter outputs AC power and is directly connected to the grid.

There is a key assumption here that all panels operate at the same efficiency. However, it is not. First, the difference in production can cause the photovoltaic cells in the panel to have slightly different current yields. More important are environmental factors such as shadows and dirt. Partially dirty, shaded panels or failed photovoltaic cells are unable to collect as much light as possible, resulting in less energy and lower current. The difference between the batteries/panels results in a significant reduction in the output power of the system. If 10% of a panel is shaded, the output power of the entire panel will be reduced by more than 30%.

Energy loss 2: insufficient information

The conversion efficiency of a photovoltaic cell depends on a range of variables including the light intensity, the temperature of the battery, the operating point, and the theoretical peak efficiency of the battery. As long as you understand these variables, you can determine the best working point for the entire solar panel. Sensors, microcontrollers, and other integrated circuits can be used to monitor and regulate operating voltages—variables that are most susceptible to system designer control and achieve energy gains greater than 10-15% under certain conditions. This is just one example of how information and communication technologies can improve the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation. In addition, it can add additional features such as increased security, simplified installation, and easier maintenance.

The photovoltaic power generation industry is in the ascendant, and the most cost-effective and energy-efficient solar system architecture has not yet taken shape. The distributed power management system seems to have been recognized by the industry. However, a primary question is whether to allow energy to be transmitted in the system as a DC voltage, or to use micro-variable technology to convert the output of each panel from DC to AC. No matter how the system architecture competes, NXP is ready to lead the trend.

Among the two unique ways to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation, optimizing design and improving semiconductor performance are particularly important, and NXP has made significant contributions in these areas. The company recently introduced the MPT612, a low-power integrated circuit that performs maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to optimize power extraction efficiency for solar applications. Taking battery charging as an example, when the MPT612 is running NXP's patent-pending MPPT algorithm, it extracts more than 30% more energy from a solar panel than a conventional controller.

Win with design and performance

In the field of design, NXP's DC/DC converters for panels are a major innovation. The NXP "Delta Converter" equalizes the voltage difference between the solar panels. The other solution on the market is to handle all the power generated by the photovoltaic panels, while the NXP Delta converter distributes the voltage difference between adjacent panels equally by the energy exchange principle. The converter is inactive when there is no voltage difference. The advantages of this product include lower energy consumption during the conversion process and higher reliability due to the converter not working continuously.

With years of experience in high-reliability electronics and high-voltage semiconductors, NXP has developed and is developing a range of semiconductor products that drive the potential of the solar industry:

a microcontroller that performs maximum power point tracking;

Wireless and power line communication chips for inter-panel communication;

High voltage driver for DC/AC converter, low voltage driver for DC/DC converter;

Controllers, power MOSFETs, and high voltage and low voltage drivers for DC/DC and DC/AC converters;

Innovative channel function diodes;

GaN MOSFETs, which perform high frequency conversion and have very limited conduction and switching losses, are more power efficient than traditional IGBT-based power solutions;

These innovative products are the result of NXP's decades of development in high-performance mixed-signal technology. All in all, high-performance mixed-signal combines analog and digital technologies to bring design engineers multiple choices for developing products that will dominate over the next decade.

In-depth substance

Semiconductor process technology makes it possible to design high-performance mixed-signal chips. NXP has three processes related to the solar system architecture: the EZ-HV process, which produces small devices that can operate at 700 volts; the ABCD9 and CO50PMU processes, which set new performance benchmarks of up to 120 volts for current conversion applications, and Introducing superior DC/DC converters; and the previously mentioned gallium nitride process to produce power MOSFETs with very low conduction and switching losses.

By integrating chips and devices developed with high-performance mixed-signal (HPMS) design and process technology, solar panel efficiency will be significantly improved and economic break-even time will be reduced, and solar photovoltaics will also be a common alternative energy source for residential and industrial applications. It is widely accepted.

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